A Plant Biologist’s Toolbox to Study Translation.
In a variety of species and biological questions, more and more studies that combine data translation to better assess how gene regulation occurs at a rate of protein synthesis. The inclusion of data translation improves upon, and has proven to be more accurate than, studies transcription course. However, there are many different techniques available for measuring the translation and can be difficult, especially for young scientists or aspire, to determine the best method is applied in particular situations. We have put together this review in order to enhance understanding and promote the use of translation in plant biology.
Our methods include a variety of methods to measure changes in the global translation (eg, radiolabeling, polysome profiles, or puromycylation), translation of a single gene (eg, fluorescent reporter construction, toeprinting, or mapping the density of the ribosome), sequencing-based to uncover the whole translatome (for example, Ribo-seq or translating ribosome affinity purification), and mass spectrometry-based method for identifying changes in the proteome (eg, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture or bioorthogonal marking noncanonical amino acids).
The benefits and limitations of each method are discussed with special note of how the application of other model systems may be extended for use in plants. In order to make this emerging field more accessible to students and scientists are newer, our review includes a comprehensive glossary defining key terms.
Improve communication for interdisciplinary team work on the storage of digital information in DNA.
Close collaboration between specialists from different backgrounds and working in different scientific domains is an effective strategy to address the challenges in the area of the interface between biology, chemistry, physics and engineering. Communication in collaboration alone can be challenging. Even when the project is successfully completed, so the publication – of multi-wrote – has the potential to falter.
Some, both in the field and outside, may be able to fully understand the work as a whole. This needs addressed in order to facilitate efficient work, peer review, accessibility and impact to a greater audience. We are an interdisciplinary team working in the nascent scientific field, which repurposing DNA as digital information storage media. In this note, we highlight some of the difficulties that arise from the collaboration and outline our efforts to improve communication through the glossary and controlled vocabulary and accessibility through a plain-language summary of the brief.
Sucrose, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GC3201-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 45.1 |
Casein, for Molecular Biology |
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MB279-100G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 110.77 |
Description: Casein, for Molecular Biology |
Casein, for Molecular Biology |
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MB279-500G | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 387.65 |
Description: Casein, for Molecular Biology |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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GE1210-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 58 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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GE1210-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 106.8 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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GE1210-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 33.1 |
Urea, suitable for molecular biology |
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GE1210-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 76.8 |
2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
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MB041-100ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 9.02 |
Description: 2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
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MB041-500ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 26.47 |
Description: 2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology |
Sodium chloride, suitable for molecular biology |
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GE0307-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 45.2 |
Molecular Biology Grade Water for RT-PCR |
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ML065-1.5ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 7.82 |
Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water for RT-PCR |
Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology with molecular sieve |
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GS8780-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 249.8 |
DTT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE131 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 93.6 |
DTT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE132 | GeneOn | 10 g | EUR 133.2 |
DTT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE133 | GeneOn | 25 g | EUR 243.6 |
NAD (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE196 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 72 |
NAD (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE197 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 165.6 |
NBT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE209 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 123.6 |
NBT (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE210 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 360 |
DMSO, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40470006-1 | Glycomatrix | 100 mL | EUR 88.18 |
DMSO, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40470006-2 | Glycomatrix | 250 mL | EUR 150.19 |
DMSO, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40470006-3 | Glycomatrix | 500 mL | EUR 279.26 |
EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40500028-2 | Glycomatrix | 50 g | EUR 106.43 |
EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40500028-3 | Glycomatrix | 100 g | EUR 177.58 |
EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40500028-4 | Glycomatrix | 500 g | EUR 603.19 |
EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40500028-5 | Glycomatrix | 1 kg | EUR 912.98 |
EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40500028-6 | Glycomatrix | 2 kg | EUR 1687.94 |
BCIP (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE108 | GeneOn | 250 mg | EUR 75.6 |
BCIP (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE109 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 108 |
DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE117 | GeneOn | 5 mg | EUR 72 |
DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE118 | GeneOn | 25 mg | EUR 159.6 |
DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE119 | GeneOn | 100 mg | EUR 382.8 |
Tris (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE237 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 106.8 |
Tris (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE238 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 153.6 |
Tris (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE239 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 535.2 |
Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS6659-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 240.3 |
Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS6659-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 95.8 |
Formamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS9663-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 48.9 |
CHAPS (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE114 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 66 |
CHAPS (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE115 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 157.2 |
CHAPS (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE116 | GeneOn | 25 g | EUR 492 |
HEPES (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE171 | GeneOn | 100 g | EUR 98.4 |
HEPES (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE172 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 268.8 |
HEPES (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE173 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 424.8 |
Water (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE243 | GeneOn | 500 ml | EUR 62.4 |
Water (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE244 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 67.2 |
Molecular Biology Grade Water |
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ML024-100ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 3.54 |
Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water |
Molecular Biology Grade Water |
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ML024-10X100ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 29.52 |
Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water |
Molecular Biology Grade Water |
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ML024-10X500ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 87.91 |
Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water |
Molecular Biology Grade Water |
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ML024-500ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 12.56 |
Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water |
Molecular Biology Grade Water |
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ML064-100ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 3.67 |
Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water |
Molecular Biology Grade Water |
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ML064-10X100ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 25.38 |
Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water |
Molecular Biology Grade Water |
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ML064-500ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 10.81 |
Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water |
Agarose, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40100164-1 | Bio-WORLD | 25 g | Ask for price |
Agarose, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40100164-2 | Bio-WORLD | 50 g | Ask for price |
Agarose, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40100164-3 | Bio-WORLD | 100 g | Ask for price |
Agarose, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40100164-4 | Bio-WORLD | 500 g | Ask for price |
Agarose, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40100164-5 | Bio-WORLD | 1 kg | Ask for price |
Glycine (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE158 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 84 |
Glycine (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE159 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 228 |
Tween20 (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE242 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 106.8 |
Agarose (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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abx299715-100g | Abbexa | 100 µg | Ask for price |
Agarose (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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abx299715-20g | Abbexa | 20 µg | EUR 525 |
Agarose (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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abx299715-50g | Abbexa | 50 µg | Ask for price |
Lysozyme (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE188 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 70.8 |
Lysozyme (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE189 | GeneOn | 10 g | EUR 247.2 |
Lysozyme (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE189L | GeneOn | 50 g | EUR 310 |
Lysozyme (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE189XL | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 1050 |
OORA00229-1L - Molecular Biology Grade UltraPure Water |
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OORA00229-1L | Aviva Systems Biology | 1L | EUR 149 |
OORA00230-1L - Molecular Biology Grade UltraPure Water |
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OORA00230-1L | Aviva Systems Biology | 1L | EUR 279 |
Dimethylformamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology with molecular sieve |
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GS3406-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 116.2 |
"10X PBS, Molecular Biology Grade" |
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ML023-100ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 17.65 |
Description: "10X PBS, Molecular Biology Grade" |
10X PBS, Molecular Biology Grade |
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ML023-500ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 38.97 |
Description: 10X PBS, Molecular Biology Grade |
"10X TBS, Molecular Biology Grade" |
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ML029-100ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 19.04 |
Description: "10X TBS, Molecular Biology Grade" |
"10X TBS, Molecular Biology Grade" |
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ML029-500ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 40.48 |
Description: "10X TBS, Molecular Biology Grade" |
10X TBS, Molecular Biology Grade |
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ML029-6X500ML | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | EUR 138.56 |
Description: 10X TBS, Molecular Biology Grade |
Agarose, low EEO, GlenBiol, suitable for molecular biology |
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GE6258-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 217.2 |
OORA00218-100IU - DNA Ligase T4 Molecular Biology Grade |
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OORA00218-100IU | Aviva Systems Biology | 100Units | EUR 129 |
Tween 20, Molecular Biology Grade |
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T9100-010 | GenDepot | 100ml | EUR 86.4 |
Tween 20, Molecular Biology Grade |
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T9100-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | EUR 133.2 |
Tween 20, Molecular Biology Grade |
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T9100-100 | GenDepot | 1L | EUR 160.8 |
Dimethylformamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS6580-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 107.3 |
100mL Molecular Biology Grade - PK6 |
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46-000-CI | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK6 | EUR 83.7 |
500mL Molecular Biology Grade - PK6 |
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46-000-CV | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK6 | EUR 155.25 |
Boric Acid, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40200060-1 | Glycomatrix | 500 g | EUR 46.16 |
Boric Acid, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40200060-2 | Glycomatrix | 1 kg | EUR 76.66 |
Boric Acid, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40200060-3 | Glycomatrix | 2.5 kg | EUR 145.5 |
20xSSC, Molecular Biology Grade, pH7.0 |
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TBS5033-1L | Tribioscience | 1L | EUR 67 |
Water, distilled, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GK8512-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 60.1 |
Water, distilled, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GK8512-1L | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 l | EUR 92.4 |
Acetonitrile 50, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS0247-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 40.7 |
Acetonitrile 50, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS0247-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 61.3 |
Acetonitrile 10, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS0969-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 47 |
Acetonitrile 10, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS0969-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 73.9 |
Acetonitrile 30, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS8649-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 43.1 |
Acetonitrile 30, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS8649-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 66.5 |
OORA00218-100UNITS - DNA Ligase T4 Molecular Biology Grade |
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OORA00218-100UNITS | Aviva Systems Biology | 100Units | EUR 149 |
Formamide deionized (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE145 | GeneOn | 500 ml | EUR 87.6 |
Formamide deionized (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE146 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 120 |
RNase/DNase free water, for molecular biology (10 x 1.5ml) |
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Z-RNase/DNase-free-water | Novacyt Group | n/a | EUR 62 |
Glycerol 87 % (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE154 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 93.6 |
MOPS buffer (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE194 | GeneOn | 100 g | EUR 102 |
MOPS buffer (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE195 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 169.2 |
Agarose, Molecular Biology Grade, 100g |
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PC0701-100g | Vivantis | each | Ask for price |
Agarose, Molecular Biology Grade, 1kg |
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PC0701-1kg | Vivantis | each | Ask for price |
Agarose, Molecular Biology Grade, 500g |
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PC0701-500g | Vivantis | each | Ask for price |
Phenol, (Carbolic acid) Double distilled for Molecular Biology |
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PD0252 | Bio Basic | 500g | EUR 192.59 |
Ammonia solution, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS8853-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 91.2 |
Dimethylsulfoxide (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE120 | GeneOn | 100 ml | EUR 66 |
Dimethylsulfoxide (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE121 | GeneOn | 500 ml | EUR 110.4 |
Agarose, low EEO, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GE6258-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 150.4 |
Agarose, low EEO, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GE6258-25 | Glentham Life Sciences | 25 | EUR 60.1 |
TritonX-100 (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE240 | GeneOn | 500 ml | EUR 67.2 |
TritonX-100 (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE241 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 79.2 |
OORA00219-v1 - DNA Ligase T4 Molecular Biology Grade (500units) |
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OORA00219-v1 | Aviva Systems Biology | 500units | EUR 375 |
Cesium Chloride, Molecular Biology Grade |
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40300060-1 | Glycomatrix | 50 g | EUR 45.77 |
Water, Ultrapure Molecular Biology Grade |
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41024-4L | Biotium | 4L | EUR 79 |
Description: N/A |
Water, Ultrapure Molecular Biology Grade |
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41024-4L-1 | Biotium | EA | EUR 79 |
Bis-Acrylamid (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE110 | GeneOn | 50 g | EUR 94.8 |
Bis-Acrylamid (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE111 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 259.2 |
Sodium chloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE205 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 62.4 |
Sodium chloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE206 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 70.8 |
Sodium chloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE207 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 123.6 |
1L Molecular Biology Grade Water - PK6 |
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46-000-CM | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK6 | EUR 221.4 |
Lithium Chloride, Molecular Biology Grade |
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41200036-1 | Glycomatrix | 100 g | EUR 41.7 |
Lithium Chloride, Molecular Biology Grade |
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41200036-2 | Glycomatrix | 500 g | EUR 108.38 |
Ammonium sulfate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE105 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 55.2 |
Ammonium sulfate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE106 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 72 |
Ammonium sulfate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE107 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 153.6 |
Urea Crystalline (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE167 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 72 |
Urea Crystalline (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE168 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 181.2 |
SSC Buffer (20X) (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE229 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 86.4 |
Glycerol waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE155 | GeneOn | 500 ml | EUR 78 |
Glycerol waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE156 | GeneOn | 1 l | EUR 102 |
Glycerol waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE157 | GeneOn | 2.5 l | EUR 170.4 |
Tris - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE234 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 99.6 |
Tris - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE235 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 144 |
Tris - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE236 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 223.2 |
XTT sodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE250 | GeneOn | 100 mg | EUR 208.8 |
XTT sodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE251 | GeneOn | 500 mg | EUR 612 |
OORA00219-500UNITS - DNA Ligase T4 Molecular Biology Grade (500units) |
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OORA00219-500UNITS | Aviva Systems Biology | 500Units | EUR 329 |
NADP - sodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE200 | GeneOn | 250 mg | EUR 92.4 |
NADP - sodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE201 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 190.8 |
Guanidine Thiocyanate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE164 | GeneOn | 100 g | EUR 86.4 |
Guanidine Thiocyanate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE165 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 192 |
Guanidine Thiocyanate (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE166 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 307.2 |
NADH - Disodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE198 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 91.2 |
NADH - Disodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE199 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 244.8 |
Agarose Powder 100g -Molecular Biology Grade |
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MB755-0100 | Bio-Helix | 100 g | EUR 46 |
Agarose Powder 500g -Molecular Biology Grade |
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MB755-0500 | Bio-Helix | 500 g | EUR 184 |
Guanidine - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE160 | GeneOn | 100 g | EUR 93.6 |
Guanidine - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE161 | GeneOn | 250 g | EUR 153.6 |
Guanidine - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE162 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 232.8 |
Guanidine - Hydrochloride (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE163 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 352.8 |
D(+)-Glucose waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE148 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 67.2 |
D(+)-Glucose waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE149 | GeneOn | 1 kg | EUR 75.6 |
D(+)-Glucose waterfree (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE150 | GeneOn | 5 kg | EUR 180 |
Yeast extract powder (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE169 | GeneOn | 500 g | EUR 133.2 |
Yeast extract powder (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE170 | GeneOn | 1000g | EUR 188 |
3-Methylbutan-1-ol, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS6015-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 74.5 |
3-Methylbutan-1-ol, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS6015-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 301.4 |
Di-iso-propylethylamine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS7181-100 | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 | EUR 143.3 |
Di-iso-propylethylamine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GS7181-500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 | EUR 474.2 |
TRIS-Glycine Buffer 10X, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GE6710-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 67.9 |
TRIS-Glycine Buffer 10X, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology |
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GE6710-250 | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 | EUR 22.7 |
Hyaluronidase Grade I (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE174 | GeneOn | 1 g | EUR 232.8 |
Hyaluronidase Grade I (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE175 | GeneOn | 5 g | EUR 920.4 |
NADPH - Tetrasodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE202 | GeneOn | 25 mg | EUR 70.8 |
NADPH - Tetrasodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE203 | GeneOn | 100 mg | EUR 126 |
NADPH - Tetrasodium salt (Molecular Biology Grade) |
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CE204 | GeneOn | 500 mg | EUR 374.4 |
Tris-EDTA buffer solution (10X, suitable for molecular biology, pH 8.0) |
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GX7489-1 | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 | EUR 22.7 |
Tris-EDTA buffer solution (10X, suitable for molecular biology, pH 8.0) |
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GX7489-2500 | Glentham Life Sciences | 2500 | EUR 45.2 |
We hope to stimulate discussion earlier in this emerging field of how our community might improve the description and presentation of our work to facilitate clear communication within and between research groups and accessibility increase for those who are not familiar with our field each – good the molecular biology, computer science, information theory or others that may become relevant in the future. To enable open and inclusive discussion we have made a list of controlled vocabulary terms and as a cloud-based shared document and we invite other scientists to criticisms and suggestions and contribute their own ideas.